When was alprazolam discovered

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ATC code. N05 BA Pregnancy cat. Legal status. Hydroxyzine - Captodiame. Abecarnil - Gedocarnil - SL, Buspirone - Gepirone - Tandospirone. However, in the New England Journal of Medicine reported there is no reliable evidence to support the existence of a persistent benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, and this syndrome has been described only in anecdotal reports, with patients typically reporting "withdrawal" symptoms not present during or before benzodiazepine treatment that persist for many months or years after treatment is stopped.

Experimental neuropharmacologic studies document that all the side effects of benzodiazepines, whether behavioral or neurochemical, disappear within several days or weeks after the drug is eliminated. The weight of evidence indicates that any new symptoms that persist for more than two months after the last dose of a benzodiazepine either are part of the premorbid condition or have appeared by coincidence or as a consequence of the natural history of the underlying illness.

Alprazolam should never be abruptly discontinued if taken regularly for any length of time because severe withdrawal symptoms may occur. Severe psychosis and seizures have been reported in the medical literature from abrupt alprazolam withdrawal, [27] [28] and one death occurred from withdrawal-related seizures after gradual dose reduction. Use of alprazolam should be avoided, or carefully monitored by medical professionals, in individuals with the following conditions: [29] [30].

Overdoses can be mild to severe depending on how much of the drug is taken and if any other depressants have been taken. Xanax overdose reflect the central nervous system depression of the brain and may include one or more of the following symptoms:. Women who are pregnant or are planning on becoming pregnant should avoid starting alprazolam. Marked Pregnancy Category D by the U. It should be considered that the child born of a mother who is receiving benzodiazepines may be at risk of developing withdrawal symptoms from the drug during the postnatal period.

Also, neonatal flaccidity and respiratory problems have been reported in children born of mothers who have been receiving benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepines, including alprazolam are known to be excreted in human milk. Elderly individuals should be cautious in the use of alprazolam due to the possibility of increased susceptibility to side effects, especially loss of coordination and drowsiness. Eating grapefruits or drinking grapefruit juice while using alprazolam increases blood concentrations by inhibiting the intestinal metabolism.

In fact, any drug that inhibits CYP3A4 , for which alprazolam is a substrate, will increase serum concentrations of alprazolam significantly if administered prior or concurrently. Tagamet cimetidine is a widely used H2 blocker antacid that inhibits numerous cytochrome P enzymes.

Oral contraceptive pills reduce the clearance of alprazolam, which may lead to increased plasma levels of alprazolam and accumulation. Like all central nervous system depressants , including alcohol , alprazolam in doses of 0. Alprazolam, like all benzodiazepines, has the potential for abuse.

Although it is not manufactured illegally, and its misuse and abuse is dwarfed by benzodiazepines like flunitrazepam , nimetazepam , and temazepam , it is still often diverted to the black market, particularily in the United States where alprazolam is the most widely prescribed benzodiazepine. The state of relaxation, anxiolysis , and disinhibition induced by benzodiazepines is the main reason for their illicit use. Most alprazolam abusers "are generally but not entirely limited to patients involved in a polydrug use pattern" [41] In fact, according to an April report by the U.

While it is somewhat soluble in alcohol , the combination of the two, particularly when injected, has the potential to cause a serious, and potentially fatal overdose. Alprazolam may also be insufflated ; clinical testing indicates potent activity through insufflation yet some sources indicate sublingual activity is greater.

Alprazolam is sometimes used with other recreational drugs to relieve the panic or distress of dysphoric reactions to psychedelics such as LSD and also to promote sleep in the "come-down" period following use of recreational drugs with stimulant or insomniac properties such as LSD , cocaine , amphetamines , DXM , and MDMA along with the related amphetamines.

It is also often used in conjunction with marijuana or heroin to potentiate the relaxing effect. As with all drugs, taking it on an empty stomach ensures the most powerful effect. Some anti-drug sources Template:Weasel word provide disinformation by stating that alprazolam is more potent when taken with cola--the acidic nature of colas actually decreases its absorption--acidity decreases the absorption of most orally taken pharmaceuticals. At a particularly high risk for misuse, abuse, and dependence are polydrug abusers someone who already uses at least one substance in a recreational context.

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